Safe NAD

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NAD+ references: every study cited on this site.

The human trials, mechanistic studies, and reviews behind each figure — with DOIs and PubMed links for verification.

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How to read this list

Every quantitative claim across this NAD+ digest maps to a numbered source below. The list spans the human precursor trials (NR and NMN), the CD38 aging studies, the foundational mechanism reviews, and the 2025 Nature Metabolism synthesis of the human clinical evidence. Each entry carries a DOI and a PubMed link so any figure on the site can be traced to its source. Human trials and rodent or in-vitro studies are both included; the species is stated in the body text wherever a finding is cited.

  1. Covarrubias AJ, et al. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22:119-141. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. ↗
  5. Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD+ homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab. 2020;2:9-31. ↗
  6. Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD+ Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:686412. ↗
  7. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  8. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  9. Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJA, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13:e13943. ↗
  10. Elhassan YS, Philp AA, Lavery GG. Targeting NAD+ in Metabolic Disease: New Insights Into an Old Molecule. J Endocr Soc. 2017;1(7):816-835. ↗
  11. Cheng L, Deepak RNVK, Wang G, et al. Hepatic mitochondrial NAD+ transporter SLC25A47 activates AMPKα mediating lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis. Hepatology. 2023;78(6):1828-1842. ↗
  12. Ying W. NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: regulation and biological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008;10(2):179-206. ↗
  13. Aleo MF, Giudici ML, Sestini S, et al. Metabolic fate of extracellular NAD in human skin fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2001;80(3):360-366. ↗
  14. Kar A, Mehrotra S, Chatterjee S. CD38: T Cell Immuno-Metabolic Modulator. Cells. 2020;9(7):1716. ↗