# NAD+ References: The Cited Studies and Reviews

> The full NAD+ reference list — the human precursor trials, the CD38 aging studies, the mechanism reviews, and the 2025 clinical-evidence synthesis, with DOIs and PubMed links.

The human trials, mechanistic studies, and reviews behind each figure — with DOIs and PubMed links for verification.

## How to read this list

Every quantitative claim across this NAD+ digest maps to a numbered source below. The list spans the human precursor trials (NR and NMN), the CD38 aging studies, the foundational mechanism reviews, and the 2025 *Nature Metabolism* synthesis of the human clinical evidence. Each entry carries a DOI and a PubMed link so any figure on the site can be traced to its source. Human trials and rodent or in-vitro studies are both included; the species is stated in the body text wherever a finding is cited.

## References

[1] Covarrubias AJ, et al. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22:119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45:29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Katsyuba E, Romani M, Hofer D, Auwerx J. NAD+ homeostasis in health and disease. Nat Metab. 2020;2:9-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694684/
[6] Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD+ Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:686412. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34095234/
[7] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/
[8] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[9] Zapata-Pérez R, Wanders RJA, van Karnebeek CDM, Houtkooper RH. NAD+ homeostasis in human health and disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13:e13943. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34041853/
[10] Elhassan YS, Philp AA, Lavery GG. Targeting NAD+ in Metabolic Disease: New Insights Into an Old Molecule. J Endocr Soc. 2017;1(7):816-835. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29264533/
[11] Cheng L, Deepak RNVK, Wang G, et al. Hepatic mitochondrial NAD+ transporter SLC25A47 activates AMPKα mediating lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis. Hepatology. 2023;78(6):1828-1842. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36804859/
[12] Ying W. NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: regulation and biological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008;10(2):179-206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18020963/
[13] Aleo MF, Giudici ML, Sestini S, et al. Metabolic fate of extracellular NAD in human skin fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2001;80(3):360-366. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11135366/
[14] Kar A, Mehrotra S, Chatterjee S. CD38: T Cell Immuno-Metabolic Modulator. Cells. 2020;9(7):1716. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32709019/

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A safety-first reel of the NAD+ literature — what the trials cut to, where the evidence drops off, and nothing dispensed, prescribed, or sold.